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Ethical Principles for Medical Research and Practice
The Nuremberg Code, Declarations of Helsinki and Geneva, and the International Code of Medical Ethics provide a set of ethical principles regarding human experimentation and clinical care.
Read the Declaration of Helsinki Declaration of Helsinki Read the Nuremberg Code Nuremberg Code Read the Geneva Declaration Geneva Declaration Read the International Code of Medical Ethics International Code of Medical EthicsThe Declaration of Helsinki
The World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki provides principles for medical researchers to guide the ethical conduct of research involving human participants.
World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki
JAMA | Special Communication, October 19, 2024
Previous Versions
2013 Revision
JAMA | Special Communication, November 27, 2013
2000 Revision
JAMA | Special Communication, December 20, 2000
1997 Revision
JAMA | March 19, 1997
1966 Revision
JAMA | September 12, 1966
Original
JAMA | Medical News, September 28, 1964
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Revisions to the Declaration of Helsinki on Its 60th Anniversary: A Modernized Set of Ethical Principles to Promote and Ensure Respect for Participants in a Rapidly Innovating Medical Research Ecosystem
JAMA | Viewpoint, October 19, 2024
Declaration of Helsinki—Revisions for the 21st Century
JAMA | Viewpoint, October 19, 2024
Future-Proofing Research Ethics—Key Revisions of the Declaration of Helsinki 2024
JAMA | Viewpoint, October 19, 2024
Revisiting the Declaration of Helsinki—A Patient-Centered Perspective
JAMA | Viewpoint, October 19, 2024
The Revision of the Declaration of Helsinki Viewed From the Americas—Paving the Way to Better Research
JAMA | Viewpoint, October 19, 2024
The Revised Declaration of Helsinki—Considerations for the Future of Artificial Intelligence in Health and Medical Research
JAMA | Viewpoint, October 19, 2024
The 2024 Revision to the Declaration of Helsinki: Modern Ethics for Medical Research
JAMA | Editor's Note, October 19, 2024
Making the Ethical Oversight of All Clinical Trials Fit for Purpose
JAMA | Special Communication, October 19, 2024
Facilitating Efficient and Ethical Trials at the Intersection of Research and Clinical Care
JAMA | Editorial, October 19, 2024
Declaration of Helsinki Addresses New Ethical Challenges
JAMA | Podcast, October 19, 2024
The Nuremberg Code
The Nuremberg Code is a 10-point set of rules for the conduct of human experiments articulated in 1947 in the trials of Nazi doctors and bureaucrats convicted of crimes against humanity for their roles in concentration camp experiments.
The Nuremberg Code 70 Years Later
JAMA | Viewpoint, August 17, 2017
Related Material
Medicine Against Society: Lessons From the Third Reich
JAMA | November 27, 1996
The Nuremberg Code and the Nuremberg Trial: A Reappraisal
JAMA | November 27, 1996
US Medical Researchers, the Nuremberg Doctors Trial, and the Nuremberg Code: A Review of Findings of the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments
JAMA | November 27, 1996
Nuremberg and the Issue of Wartime Experiments on US Prisoners: The Green Committee
JAMA | November 27, 1996
Teaching of Human Rights in US Medical Schools
JAMA | November 27, 1996
The Social Responsibilities of Health Professionals: Lessons From Their Role in Nazi Germany
JAMA | November 27, 1996
Legacies of Nuremberg: Medical Ethics and Human Rights
JAMA | November 27, 1996
The Foundations of Bioethics
JAMA | November 27, 1996
The Path to Nuremberg in the Pages of JAMA, 1933-1939
JAMA | November 27, 1996
Institutional Review Boards Under Stress: Will They Explode or Change?
JAMA | November 27, 1996
Bioethics Advisory Commission Holds First Meeting to Define Governing Principles of Ethical Research
JAMA | November 27, 1996
Nazi Origins of an Anatomy Text: The Pernkopf Atlas
JAMA | November 27, 1996
Nazi Origins of an Anatomy Text: The Pernkopf Atlas
JAMA | November 27, 1996
Nazi Origins of an Anatomy Text: The Pernkopf Atlas-Reply
JAMA | November 27, 1996
The Declaration of Geneva
The World Medical Association Declaration of Geneva outlines the professional duties of physicians and affirms the ethical principles of the global medical profession.
The Revised Declaration of Geneva: A Modern-Day Physician’s Pledge
JAMA | Viewpoint, August 14, 2017
Related Material
The International Code of Medical Ethics
The World Medical Association’s International Code of Medical Ethics defines and elucidates the professional duties of physicians towards their patients, other physicians and health professionals, themselves, and society as a whole, in concordance with the WMA’s Declaration of Geneva: The Physician’s Pledge, and the WMA’s entire body of policies
The International Code of Medical Ethics of the World Medical Association
JAMA | Editorial, October 13, 2022
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